Many people suffering from allergies experience sneezing and runny noses. Allergies are often caused by so-called "allergens" such as pollen, mold, animal dander (dead skin), and dust mites (microscopic creatures that live in dust). Pollen, a microscopic powdery substance produced by trees, grasses, and weeds, can be carried long distances by wind currents before it is breathed in by humans. Once the pollen enters the nasal passages, it causes allergy symptoms in sensitive people. As will be seen from this essay, we now understand the science behind this unpleasantness.
Certain tissues, including those lining the nose and throat, contain a population of "mast cells". Mast cells have within them a high concentration of a chemical called "histamine". When a mast cell encounters pollen, the outer membrane of the mast cell breaks open, and the histamine is released into the surrounding tissue (see picture). Now histamine is a biologically active compound. In particular, it binds to capillaries (small blood-containing vessels) and causes them to expand and become leaky. Liquid diffusing out of the capillaries, consisting mainly of serum (the watery portion of blood) mixed with protein) is source of a running nose. Sneezing will occur as a response to the irritated tissue.
You may noticed anti-histamines on sale in drug stores or, perhaps, have used them yourself. These drugs function by blocking the sites on the capillaries where histamine normally binds. Since the histamine is prevented from binding to the capillaries, the capillaries will not leak even when histamine is present. Anti-histamines also tend to bind to cells in the nervous system, so that the drugs can make you sleepy (which is why it is recommended you not drive a car after taking the drug).
One wonders why such a complicated system ever evolved. My suspicion is that the histamine mechanism is a means for the nasal passages to get rid of foreign objects such as pollen. In other words, a running nose and sneezing may be Nature's way of expelling unwanted guests.
ALERGIAS: LA CIENCIA DETRÁS DE LOS ESTORNUDOS
Fredric M. Menger, Emory University, USA
Traducción por Elsa Abuin, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
Muchas personas que sufren de alergias experimentan estornudos y secreciones nasales. Las alergias son frecuentemente causadas por los llamados "alérgenos" tales como el polen, el moho, la caspa de animales (piel muerta), y los ácaros del polvo (criaturas microscópicas que viven en el polvo). El polen, una sustancia en polvo producida por los árboles, pastos y malezas, puede ser transportado a grandes distancias antes de que sea respirado por los seres humanos. Una vez que el polen entra en las fosas nasales causa síntomas de alergia en las personas sensibles a esta. Como veremos en este ensayo, ahora somos capaces de entender la ciencia que hay detrás de estos malestares.
Ciertos tejidos, incluyendo las que recubren la nariz y la garganta, contienen una población de "mastocitos". Los "mastocitos" tienen en ellos una alta concentración de una sustancia química denominada "histamina". Cuando una célula de mastocito se encuentra con el polen, ocurre la apertura de la membrana celular, y la histamina se libera en los tejidos circundantes (ver foto). Ahora bien, la histamina es un compuesto biológicamente activo. En particular, se une a los capilares (pequeños vasos sanguíneos) y hace que ella se expanda. El líquido de difusión de los capilares, que consiste principalmente en suero (la porción líquida de la sangre) se mezcla con las proteínas) es la razón de una nariz congestionada. Los estornudos se producen como respuesta a la irritación de sus tejidos.
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