Soap bubbles delight children and adults. What would be the reason for this? Perhaps due to their form, and lightness...
The bubbles have already aroused the curiosity of many scientists, including Leonardo da Vinci, an artist-scientist. This article will attempt to show the beauty of a soap bubble at the molecular level and the process that leads to its end, that is, its bursting. Soap bubbles are easily produced (sometimes they form spontaneously) when we use detergents. The molecules of a detergent are generally characterized by having a long chain containing CH2 groups and another polar part, a group that is ionic. These molecules are called surfactants, which are named cationic or anionic, when the polar group has positive or negative charges, respectively. Figure 1a shows the molecular structure of a cationic surfactant and Figure 1b its simplified representation.
Figure 1: (a) Molecular structure of a cationic surfactant and (b) Its simplified representation.
We know that to form a soap bubble, we need to create a flow of air (blowing or shaking) through the solution containing the surfactant. The air will be trapped inside a liquid film (the spherical film) when the bubble is formed. From a molecular standpoint, the structure of the liquid film is quite interesting. The surfactant molecules arrange in an incredible and organized way, side-by-side, forming one monolayer inside the bubble and another on the outside (see Figure 2). These two fragile monolayers sustain the liquid film (which has approximately the same composition of the solution that produced the bubble). The thickness of the layer is very thin (in the order of micrometers). Note that the polar part of the surfactant molecules is adsorbed within the aqueous film and the hydrophobic chains are aligned into the air (inside and outside the bubble). The chains are so close (side-by-side) that they interact by van der Waals interactions, holding the liquid film.
Figure 2: Representation of a soap bubble and a "super-magnification" of the liquid film, indicating the two monolayers, in which the surfactants molecules are positioned side-by-side.
As we know, the bubbles have ephemera lifetime and some times, depending on the conditions, they can survive for only few seconds. The bursting of a soap bubble is another amazing spectacle. Contrary to what we suppose, the bubbles do not explode. The film undergoes a drastic retraction and this mechanism can only be observed if the blow-up is filmed by using a high-speed camera. Figure 3 shows a sequence of photos of the bursting of a bubble. The images were obtained using a high-speed camera, filming at a rate of 3000 frames per second.
Figure 3: Sequence of photos obtained after the bursting of a soap bubble. The photos were obtained filming at 3000 frames per second, and the film can be seen in: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yx14dpeMArc
When the bubble is formed, the liquid film is under a tension, the surface tension. If the film undergoes a small rupture (a small hole is formed), the surface tension retracts the film, in order to reduce its surface area. Large part of the surface energy is dissipated at the rim of the bubble, swirling the liquid, as shown in Figure 4. Due to this process, the velocity in which the film retracts becomes constant.
Figure 4: Schematic representation of the movement of the liquid after the blow-up of the soap bubble.
I hope I had convinced you that the beauty of a soap bubble can be also found at the molecular and time dimensions.
Edvaldo Sabadini, Instituto de Química, Unicamp, Brasil
As bolhas já despertaram a curiosidade de muitos cientistas, entre os quais Leonardo da Vince, um artista-cientista. Tentaremos neste ensaio mostrar a beleza da bolha de sabão no nível molecular e o processo que leva ao seu fim, isto é, ao seu estouro. As bolhas de sabão são facilmente produzidas (as vezes elas se formam espontaneamente) quando usamos detergentes. As moléculas do detergente são de forma geral, caracterizadas por possuírem uma longa cadeia contendo grupos -CH2- e uma outra parte bem polar, que pode ser um grupo ionizado. Estas moléculas são chamadas de surfactantes, que são ditos catiônicos ou aniônicos, se o grupo polar possuir cargas positiva ou negativa, respectivamente. Na Figura 1a, está apresentada a estrutura molecular de um surfactante catiônico e na Figura 1b, uma forma simplificada de representá-lo.
Espero ter conseguido mostrar aos leitores, que a beleza da bolha de sabão também é encontrada na dimensão molecular e do tempo.
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